Tuesday 4 December 2012

Tool Design - BASICs of PLASTIC MOLD..(Feed System)Part-3


Runner system, flowing part of plastic injection


Runner System Construction 

Sprue
sprue will contact first time with melt plastic, at the injection process, sprue always contact with nozzle from the injection machine, so consider when design the sprue consider the ball radius of nozzle, make sure it isn't make undercut on sprue.The dimensions of the sprue depend primarily on the dimensions of the molded part in particular the wall thickness, too little sprue will make sprue cold faster and make insufficient flow.





Main Runner
First time when design runner system, determine number of cavities, shape and gate types, then arrange the cavity layout,at the multi cavity of mold balancing of runner is important, balancing ensures virtually equal flow of plastic trough each gate.
To achieve balancing runner layout must be though,

Sub Runner
this part will continues flow from main runner until the gate, the dimension of sub runner and how much sub runner system will be, is very depending on how much cavity of the mold, and how the layout, what the layout use herring bone, H type, or star type. at the picture above use H type runner layout.

Cold Slug
when runner layout bent, clod slug may be required to continue plastic flow of better quality to the cavities.The cold slug well helps the flow of material through the runner system by stopping colder, higher viscosity material moving at the forefront of the molten mass entering into the cavity.The length of the well is usually equal to or greater about 1,5-2 time than the runner diameter.

Gate
Basic purpose of the gate is to limit the flow of the melted plastic, but it must allow that melted plastic flow and fill the cavity easily.
considering the fluidity of the material, gate should be made near the center of gravity of molding or the line to make flow uniform and melted material even, then make the gate thick but still considering melted plastic material, becouse thin part will cooled easily and faster.
the gate type is very various depend on part shape, mold layout, mold system, etc, here some explanation about design those gate type:
1. Direct gate
2. Side, edge gate
3. Tab gate
4. film gate
5. fan gate
6. Disc gate

Runner geometry 
they are various geometry that we can use in runner, such us
1. full round
2. half round
3. trapezoid
use full round and trapezoid shape is recommended in various mold. Half round runners are not recommended because of their low volume to surface ratio
here some area calculation of cross section of runner (source : http://www.dsm.com)


Runner dimensions 
The diameter of a runner depends on its length in addition to the part volume, part flow length, injection machine capacity, and gate size, Generally runner must never be smaller than the largest wall thickness of the product, it's usually make from 3 mm until 15 mm. picture below shown relation between runner diameter and maximum runner length (source : http://www.dsm.com)

The runner should be large enough to minimize pressure loss, yet small enough to maintain satisfactory cycle time, Large runners are not economical because of the amount of energy that goes into forming, and then regrinding the material that solidifies within them.

Runner layout 
In general they are three type of runner layout
1. "H" bridge (branching) runner system
2. Standard (herringbone) runner system (conventional runner)
3. Radial (star) runner system
look at picture below shown standard runner and H bridge type runner.


and below is star layout runner system (both bottom picture)

Balancing the runner system ensures that all mold cavities fill at the same rate and pressure, if the product have not similar product geometry, it is recommended to use mold analysis software like mold flow or C-Mold.

Thursday 15 November 2012

Kanyakumari - Beauty of Kanyakumari at SunSet & Moon Rise..


FOR MORE DETAILS ABOUT KANYAKUMARI TOURIST PLACES and TOUR EXPERIENCE
VISIT THE BEAUTIFUL full fledged Kanyakumari website which is shown below:- Clicking that link take you to that Beautiful page :-
                                                http://heartin-kanyakumari.blogspot.in
   
In the Above website you get the details of 
1.) Train , Bus , Flight timings to reach kanyakumari
2.) Beautiful photos with details of all tourist places.
3.) Route map of all tourist places in there
4.) Personal Journey Experience Review of all tourist places.
5.) Videos of that particular tour place.





  Kanyakumari is famous for its spectacular sunrises and sunsets, especially on full moon days. It is at its best during Chitra Pournami (full moon day in April) when the sun and moon are face to face at the same horizon. but other full moon days are also special when you can see the sun set and the moon rise almost simultaneously, as if by prior arrangement.The beach itself is a beautiful sight with multi-coloured sand. Palmleaf articles of Kanniyakumari are very much world famous.

Chitra Poornima is the name of Full Moon on Tamil month of Chitra.This occurs when our Sun is in its Exalted state of Aries (close to the Earth), and Moon is full and aligned with the bright star called Chitra in the constellation of Libra

Kanyakumari Distance Chart
Chennai – 703KM | Bangalore – 674KM | Cochin – 304KM | Kottayam – 267KM | Coimbatore – 469KM
Kodaikanal – 349KM | Thekkady – 294KM | Madurai – 624KM | Rameswaram – 295KM | 
Thanjavur – 400KM Trichy – 384KM | Trivandrum – 87KM | Velankanni – 489KM

Kanyakumari –Little known Facts
  • ·   Main Kanyakumari temple is dedicated to Devi Kumari (Kumari Amman Temple) and it is over 3000 years old.
  • ·  During peak season, the ferry service to Vivekananda rock memorial is used by over 10,000 tourists per day!
  • ·  Sunrise is visible throughout the year in Kanyakumari, but sunset is visible only from October 15 to March 15.
  • ·  From the hillock called Murugan Kundram (3KM from Kanyakumari), both sunset and sunrise is visible throughout the year.
  • ·   Full moon day of April is the best day to visit Kanyakumari (Chithra Pournami).
  • ·   Swami Vivekanandan attained enlightenment while meditating on the Kanyakumari rock in 1892.
  • ·   Vivekananda memorial was constructed in 1970 and it took 650 men and 2000+ days to complete construction.
  • ·  Mahatma Gandhi visited Kanyakumari in 1925 and 1937. There is a Gandhi memorial on the beach side.
  •  
 


 

                                                     EARLY MORNING SUNRISE from the SEA LEVEL


                                                      SUNRISE little bit above.....


                               SUNRISE little bit above.....and given Sexy orange eye catching view .... 


                                 SUNRISE little bit above.....and then Clouds trying to hide SUN .... 


                                                   SUN with Full bright ...eye catching view .... 


                                                 No SUN and Rainy effect in mid-day .... 


                                                SUNSET at evening ... eye catching view .... 


                                     SUN become dim and beautiful rays spread on .... 


                        Last moments of SUNSET ....within few minutes it will go and MOON rise soon.. 


             MOON RISE little bit above.....and given Mind touching peaceful golden eye catching view .... 


                                          MOON above the 133 Feet tall statue....at 9pm 


   MOON from long shot and in background of vivekananda rock & thiruvalluvar statue at night 12pm .... 


                         MOON SET at early morning, eye catching view .... at 3am


                             MOON SET at early morning, eye catching view .... at 5am


                    Early morning, eye catching view .... with Rainy Clouds and calm waves...


We cant explain our personal feelings and beautiful moments only through Photo's ..its possible u come and feel it in your own way and touch... don't miss the chance in your life, at least once come to this place and enjoy the pleasure..its up to u...



FOR MORE DETAILS ABOUT KANYAKUMARI TOURIST PLACES and TOUR EXPERIENCE
VISIT THE BEAUTIFUL full fledged Kanyakumari website which is shown below:- Clicking that link take you to that Beautiful page :-
                                                http://heartin-kanyakumari.blogspot.in


Wednesday 14 November 2012

Tool Design - BASICs of PLASTIC MOLD..Part-2

Classification or types of mold injection very depend on what we need to make the plastic parts, because every parts have specific and unique design. when design molds we must see what the influencing factor like geometry, number of cavities, ejection principle, plastic material and shape of parts.

The basic classification of mold based on construction shown on picture below


1. Standard Molds
the standard mold is the most simple design, basically the standard molds is same as two plate molds construction, they divided in two side : cavity side and core side, cavity side is the side that construct to flowing plastic material from nozzle to cavity parts, basically they consist of sprue, runner.

core side construct to make shape for core, demolding system and ejection system, at this side we design ejection system.
standard mold have one parting line, and have one opening direction. this type of mold use in all kinds of plastic parts that doesn't have undercut, inner and outer screw.
Light brown color little and straight in ejection system is shown ejector pin.




2. Slide mold or Split mould

development from this mold type is the used slider parts in various molds types, basic slide mold is transfer horizontal movement of mold to vertical movement, this types of molds is used to make parts with undercut, you should see more at the post when we need slider for learn more.

3. Three plate molds
basically three plate molds has two parting line, and floating plate, floating plate support by support pin, Since the mold has two parting planes, the runner system can be located on one side of floating plate or make special plate that attach in floating plate, we called runner plate, see post about runner plate. Three plate molds are used because of their flexibility in gating location. this types of molds is flexible even use in multiple cavity.

note : floating plate also called cavity plate or plate number 3, to know more the different between two plate mold and three plate mold see the posting about Basic and Types Molds Construction

4. Split Cavity Mold
basically the split cavity is same as 2 plate standard mold, but the cavity have split block to make undercut product or external threads.


this type of mold use when the slider is not enough to make the undercut or the threads. the disadvantages of this mold is when use for little parts, the construction will difficult.

5. Mold With Screw Device
this mold special to make thread forming, the core can be rotate when demolding process, both internal or external threads can be forming by this type mold.





from those picture we can see that they have gear device, the gear will rotate when form thread.

6. Stripper Ejector Mold
this type of mold have special purpose to make a cup shape without undercut, stripper ejector will make ejection more easy, same movement and power at the product and without a lot of marks in product






Molds with complex and difficult design can be integrated or combined one to the others mold type.

Tool Design - BASICs of PLASTIC MOLD..Part-I

A mold plate is any plate required to built a complete mold, in all plate use for molds have the main requirements, they are :
1. Good corrosion resistant
2. Good Machinability.
3. Easy to clean
3. Good heat transfer.
4. Homogeneity of steel.
5. Easy ability.
6. Low Cost.

at picture below you can see 3 plate mold base type with closed position, basically 3 plate type and 2 plate type has some main plate, see explanation about mold construction type to understand more, in next post or PART-2


explanation below based on number at those picture
1. Fixed Clamping Plate or Top Plate
Holds The fixed side of the mold to attached at the fixed platen of the injection machine. at this plate will attach locating ring, eye bolt, and sprue bush.
2. Runner Stripper Plate
this plate only used in 3 plate molds type, the function is to cut resin from nozzle in top of sprue bush, and pull the runner by runner locking pin.
3. Fixed Mold Plate or Cavity plate.
use to hold cavity side of product, leader pin, support pin, Puller bolts, and Angular pin when slider attached.
4. Movable Cavity Plate or Cavity plate
it used to attach core side of product, return pin, leader bush and slider core if needed.
5. Back up Plate or Support plate
used to support cavity plate, attach the hole for return pin's spring, and cooling channel when in cavity plate can not make it.
6. Spacer Block
Mounted between the movable clamping plate (bottom plate) and the movable cavity plate to give space and allow the ejector plate to move when ejecting the
part. the required length of spacer block depend on ejector stroke that needed to eject product.
7.Ejector retainer plate
to hold the ejector, Z pin, shoulder bolts,and give space to ejector leader pin and support pillar.
8. Ejector Plate
Pushes the ejector pins and return pins, connected with ejector rods.
9. Movable Clamping Plate or Bottom plate
Holds The movable side of the mold like spacer block, support plate, cavity plate and ejector mechanism to the movable platen of the injection machine.


and look at picture below, shown 3 plate molds type in opening position, but at picture below, Bottom plate or movable clamping plate is number 7, number 8 is ejector retainer plate, and number 9 is ejector plate. 

Monday 1 October 2012

G.K - Government Research Institutes All over india (STATE wise List) PART-II


Ahmedabad

Allahabad

Bangalore

Barrackpore (W. B.)


  • Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute

  • Bhopal

    Bhubaneswar

    Calcutta

    Chandigarh

    Chennai (Madras)


  • National Centre for Ultrafast Processes
  • National Institute of Ocean Technology
  • SPIC Science Foundation
  • Structural Engineering Research Centre

  • Delhi

    Dehradun

    Dirang (Arunachal Pradesh)

    Durgapur

    Eluru (A. P.)

    Gadanki

    Gandhi Nagar

    Goa

    Hyderabad

    Indore

    Jammu

    Jhansi (U. P)

    Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

    Kanpur

    Kasaragod

    Kharagpur

    Kochi

    Lucknow

    Mathura

    Mumbai (Bombay)

    Palakkad

    Palampur (H.P.)

    Peechi

    Pilani

    Puttur (Karnataka)

    • National Research Centre on Cashew

    Pune

    Roorkie (U. P.)

    Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)

    Varanasi (U. P.)


  • Indian Institute of Vegetable Research
  • Monday 3 September 2012

    G.K - CENTRAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTES and COLLEGES - PART-1

    National Institutes of India
    Academic Staff College (A. P.)
    All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
    Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany
    Bose Institute, Calcutta
    Central Coir Research Institute
    Central Electronic Enginering Research Institute
    Central Food Technological Research Institute
    Central Institute for Cotton Research
    Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering
    Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture
    Central Institute of Educational Technology
    Central Institute of Fisheries Education
    Central Institute of Fisheries, Nautical and Engineering Training (CIFNET}
    Central Institute of Fresh Water Aquaculture
    Central Institute of Indian Languages
    Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology
    Central Institute of Psychiatry
    Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
    Central Institute of Road Transport (CIRT)
    Central Leather Research Institute
    Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
    Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture
    Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres
    Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute
    Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
    Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT)
    Centre for Development Studies
    Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences
    College of Defence Management
    Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Productivity
    Foreign Service Institute
    Gandhigram Rural Institute
    Harcourt Butler Technological Institute
    Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
    Indian Diamond Institute
    Indian Institute of Astrophysics
    Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB)
    Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
    Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment
    Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship
    Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT)
    Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM)
    Indian Institute of Forestry Research and Education
    Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (IIBR)
    Indian Institute of Hotel Management, Goa
    Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management, Gwalior
    Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Bangalore
    Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad (IIITA)
    Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
    Indian Institute of Management, Ahamedabad
    Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIMB)
    Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta (IIMC)
    Indian Institute of Management, Indore
    Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode (IIMK)
    Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow
    Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC)
    Indian Institute of Packaging
    Indian Institute of Petroleum
    Indian Institute of Plantation Management, Bangalore
    Indian Institute of Pulses Research
    Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
    Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management
    Indian Institute of Soil Sciences (M. P.)
    Indian Institute of Space Technology
    Indian Institute of Spices Research
    Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research
    Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management,Gwalior (IITTM)
    Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
    Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR)
    Indian Lac Research Institute
    Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute
    International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS)
    Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering (IRIEEN)
    Indian School of Mines
    Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore
    Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta
    Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi
    Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
    Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT)
    Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
    Institute of Chartered Accountants of India CA Results
    Institute of Cost And Works Accountants of India
    Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses
    Institute of Economic Growth
    Institute of Food Security
    Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)
    Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition, Mumbai

    Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT)
    Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS) 
    Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences
    Institute of Mathematical Sciences
    Institute of Microbial Technology
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat
    Institute of Rural Technology, Gujarat
    Institute of Secretarial Training and Management
    Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
    International Institute for Population Sciences
    Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER)
    Kendriya Hindi Sansthan
    Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE)
    L.R.S. Institute of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases
    Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga
    National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
    National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
    National Academy of Construction
    National Academy of Customs, Excise and Narcotics (NACEN)
    National Academy of Direct Taxes
    National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI)
    National Civil Defence College
    National Coir Research and Management Institute
    National Council of Rural Institutes
    National Dairy Research Institute
    National Defence College of India
    National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)
    National Fire Service College
    National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
    National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management
    National Institute of Agriculture Marketing
    National Institute of Construction Management and Research
    National Institute of Design
    National Institute of Disaster Management
    National Institute of Education and Research
    National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (on DPEP)
    National Institute of Fashion Technology
    National Institute Homeopathy
    National Institute of Hydrology, Belgaum
    National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee
    National Institute of Immunology (NII)
    National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE)
    Indian Institute of Information Tehnology, Allahabad
    ndian Institute of Information Technology and Management
    National Institute of Mental Health & NeuroSciences (NIMHANS)
    National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
    National Institute of Ocean Technology
    National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)
    National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
    National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development
    National Institute of Rehabilitation Training And Research
    National Institute of Rural Development
    National Institute of Science Communication (NISCOM)
    National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources
    National Institute of Science Education and Research
    National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies
    National Institute of Small Industries Extension Training
    National Institute of Social Defence
    National Institute of Technology, Calicut
    National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
    National Institute of Technology, Karnataka
    National Institute of Training and Industrial Engineering
    National Institute of Urban Affairs
    National Institute of Water Sports, Goa
    National Museum Institute, New Delhi 110011
    National Power Training Institute
    National Tuberculosis Institute 
    Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports (NSNIS), Patiala
    North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences
    Rajiv Gandhi National institute of Youth Development
    Regional Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur
    Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
    Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow
    Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
    Small Industry Extension Training (SIET) Institute
    Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
    Sree Krishna Institute of Public Administration
    State Institute of Public Administration and Rural Development
    Sugarcane Breeding Institute
    Tata Institute of Social Sciences
    V. V. Giri National Labour Institute
    Vivekananda Hill Agricultural Research Institute
    Yeshwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration (YASHADA)
       
    SEE NEXT POSTS  or PART for all other institutes in INDIA or ABROAD...

    Friday 31 August 2012

    G.K - Public Sector Companies in INDIA for a government JOB


    Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) 
    Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) is a Public Sector Undertaking engaged in mining of coal and allied activities. It occupies an important place in as much as it produces bulk of the coking coal mined in the country. BCCL meets almost5 50% of teh total prime coking coal requirement of the intregrated steel sector. It also supplies substantial quantity of coal to the pig iron sector and bulk of the coal requirement of the power station in the Northern region.
    web site url: http://www.bccl.nic.in/
    Bharat Dynamics Ltd
    BDL was established in July 1970 under the control of Ministry of Defence with the prime objective of establishing a production base for guided missiles in India. It is now one amongst a few strategic industries of the world having the capability to produce the most advanced guided missile systems for Armed Forces.
    web site url: http://bdl.ap.nic.in/
    Bharat Earth Movers Ltd
    Bharat Earth Movers Limited is a premier ISO 9001-2000 Company in India and the second largest manufacturer of earthmoving equipment in Asia. A four- decade-old multi-locational and multi-product company, BEML has vital applications in diverse sectors of economy such as coal, mining, steel, cement, power, irrigation, construction, road building and railway. It has expanded its product range to cover high-quality hydraulics, heavy-duty diesel engines, Welding robots and undertaking of heavy fabrication jobs.
    web site url: http://www.bemlindia.com/
    Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
    BHEL manufactures over 180 products under 30 major product groups and caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation & Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy, etc. The wide network of BHEL's 14 manufacturing divisions, four Power Sector regional centers, over 100 project sites, eight service centers and 18 regional offices, enables the Company to promptly serve its customers and provide them with suitable products, systems and services - efficiently and at competitive prices.
    web site url: http://www.bhel.com/
    Bharat Refractories limited
    Bharat Refractories limited, a public sector company under administrative control of ministry of steels, Govt. of India came into existence in 1974. Since inception, the company has crossed major milestones to become one of the largest refractory producers in India. The company is world renowned for its quality and has been successfully catering to the requirement of the steel industry and other users.
    web site url: http://www.bharatref.com/
    Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL).
    On October 1, 2000 the Department of Telecom Operations, Government of India became a corporation and was christened Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL). Today, BSNL is the No. 1 Telecommunications Company and the largest Public Sector Undertaking of India with authorized share capital of $ 3600 million and networth of $ 13.85 billion. It has a network of over 45 million lines covering 5000 towns with over 35 million telephone connections.
    web site url: http://www.bsnl.co.in/
    Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd
    Bongaigaon Refinery & Petrochemicals Limited (BRPL) was incorporated as Government of India Undertaking under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas on 20th February 1974. The company became a subsidiary of IndianOil on 29th of March 2001 after disinvestments of share by Govt of India.
    web site url: http://www.brplindia.com/
    Cement Corporation of India Limited (CCI) 
    Cement Corporation of India Limited (CCI) was incorporated as a Company wholly owned by Government of India on 18th January 1965 with the principal objective of achieving self sufficiency in cement production. The authorised and paid-up capital of the company as on 31.3.2003 was Rs. 700 crores and Rs. 428.28 crores respectively.
    web site url: http://business.vsnl.com/cci/
    Centre For Railway Information Systems
    Centre For Railway Information Systems is entrusted with the task of design, development and implementation of the Freight Operations Information Systems(FOIS), alongwith its associated communications infrastructure. The Centre started functioning from July,1987. It is a registered society having an autonomous status and headed by Managing Director . CRIS is mainly a project oriented organisation engaged in development of major computer systems on the Railways.
    web site url: http://www.cris.org.in/
    Coal India Ltd
    The company is incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 and is wholly owned by the Government of India (GOI). Company's objective is to promote the development and utilisation of the coal reserves in the country for meeting the present and likely future requirement of the nation with due regard to need for conservation of non-renewable resources and safety of mine workers.
    web site url: http://coalindia.nic.in/
    Engineers India Ltd
    Engineers India Limited was established in 1965 to provide engineering and related technical services for petroleum refineries and other industrial projects.In addition to petroleum refineries, with which EIL started initially, it has diversified into and excelled in other fields such as pipelines, petrochemicals, oil and gas processing, offshore structures and platforms, fertilizers, metallurgy and power.
    web site url: http://www.engineersindia.com/
    Erstwhile Gas Authority of India Limited(GAIL)
    GAIL (India) Ltd, (Erstwhile Gas Authority of India Limited) was set up by the Indian Government in August 1984 to create gas sector infrastructure for sustained development of the gas market in India. Primarily a natural gas company, it deals with all aspects of the gas-value chain, including exploration, production, transmission, extraction, processing, distribution and marketing of natural gas and its related process, products and services.
    web site url: http://www.gailonline.com/
    Food Corporation of India
    The Food Corporation of India was setup under the Food Corporations Act 1964, in order to fulfil objectives of the Food policy. Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers. Distribution of foodgrains throughout the country for Public Distribution System; and Maintaining satisfactory level of operational and buffer stocks of foodgrains to ensure National Food Security.
    web site url: http://fciweb.nic.in/
    Heavy Water Board
    Heavy Water Board (HWB), a constituent unit under Department of Atomic Energy, is primarily responsible for production of Heavy Water (D2O) which is used as a 'moderator' and 'Coolant' in the nuclear power as well as research reactors. HWB is successfully operating six Heavy Water Plants in the country.
    web site url: http://www.heavywaterboard.org/
    Hindustan Aircraft Limited
    HAL's supplies / services are mainly to Indian Defence Services, Coast Guard and Border Security Force. Transport aircraft and Helicopters have also been supplied to Airlines as well as State Governments of India. The Company has also achieved a foothold in export in more than 30 countries, having demonstrated its quality and price competitiveness.
    web site url: http://www.hal-india.com/
    Hindustan Insecticides Limited (HIL)
    HIL, a Government of India Enterprise under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Deptt. Of Chemicals & Petrochemicals, Government of India, was incorporated Programme launched by the Government of India. Subsequently the Company diversified into agro pesticides to meet the requirements of agriculture sector, and has grown manifold, with a turnover of 1148 million rupees in 2001-02. Company has also entered into the field of safe and eco-friendly botanical and bio-pesticides for public health and plant protection.
    web site url: http://www.hil-india.com/
    Hindusthan Aeronautics Ltd
    The history of the Indian Aircraft Industry can be traced to the founding of Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in December 1940 in association with the erstwhile princely State of Mysore and late Shri Seth Walchand Hirachand, an Industrialist of extra -ordinary vision. Govt. of India became one of its shareholders in March 1941 and took over the management in 1942. Hindustan Aircraft Limited was merged with Aeronautics India Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur to form Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) on 01st October 1964.
    web site url: http://www.hal-india.com/
    Indian Oil Corporation
    Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IndianOil) is the country's largest commercial enterprise, with a sales turnover of Rs. 1,30,203 crore.IndianOil is India's No.1 Company in Fortune's prestigious listing of the world's 500 largest corporations, ranked 189 for the year 2004 based on fiscal 2003 performance. It is also the 19th largest petroleum company in the world.
    web site url: http://www.indianoilcorp.com/
    India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) 
    India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)is the nodal agency of the Government of India for promoting the country's external trade. ITPO, during its existence of nearly three decades, in the form of Trade Fair Authority of India and Trade Development Authority, has played a proactive role in catalysing trade, investment and technology transfer processes. Its promotional tools include organizing of fairs and exhibitions in India and abroad, Buyer-Seller Meets, Contact Promotion Programmes, Product Promotion Programmes, Promotion through Overseas Department Stores, Market Surveys and Information Dissemination.
    web site url: http://www.indiatradepromotion.org/
    Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited
    Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited, a wholly owned Government of India Enterprise, was established in 1976 to develop the mine and plant facilities to produce 7.5 million tonnes of concentrate per year. The mine and plant facilities were commissioned in 1980 and the first shipment of concentrate was made in October 1981. A pelletisation plant with a capacity of 3 million tonnes per year was commissioned in 1987 for production of high quality blast furnace and direct reduction grade pellets for export
    web site url: http://www.kudremukhore.com/
    National Fertilizers Ltd
    NFL was incorporated on 23rd August, 1974 with two manufacturing Units at Bathinda and Panipat. Subsequently, on the reorganization of Fertilizer group of Companies in 1978, the Nangal Unit of Fertilizer Corporation of India came under the NFL fold. The Company expanded its installed capacity in 1984 by installing and commissioning of its Vijaipur gas based Plant in Madhya Pradesh.
    web site url: http://www.nationalfertilizers.com/
    National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSTFDC)
    NSTFDC is the Apex organisation for providing financial assistance for scheme(s)/project(s) for the economic development of Scheduled Tribes. The objectives of NSTFDC are Identification of economic activities of importance to the Scheduled Tribes so as to generate employment and raise their level of income.Upgradation of skills and processes used by the Scheduled Tribes through providing both institutional and on the job training etc.
    web site url: http://nstfdc.nic.in/
    National Small Industries Corporation Ltd.
    The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd., an ISO 9001:2000 Company, was established in 1955 by the Government of India with a view to promote, aid and foster the growth of Small Industries in the country. NSIC continues to remain at the forefront of industrial development throughout the country, with it's various programs and projects, to assist the small scale sector in the country.
    web site url: http://www.nsicindia.com/
    Neyveli Lignite Corporation
    NLC Limited is an integrated project complex owned by Govt.of India. Liginite excavation and power generation are the core activities of NLC. It has three opencast liginite mines.
    web site url: http://www.nlcindia.co.in
    Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)
    Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a wholly owned Enterprise of the Government of India under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. It has been incorporated in September 1987 as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956 with the objective of undertaking the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the atomic power stations for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of the Government of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962.
    web site url: http://www.npcil.org/
    Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)
    A modest entity in the serene Himalayan settings - Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) was set up as a Commission on August 14, 1956. The company became a corporate on June 23, 1993, which has now grown into a full-fledged horizontally integrated petroleum company. Today, ONGC is a flagship public sector enterprise and India's highest profit making corporate, achieving the record of being the first Indian corporate to register a five digit profit figure of Rs. 10,529 Crore in the year 2002-03.
    web site url: http://www.ongcindia.com/
    Shipping Corporation of India
    The Shipping Corporation of India was established on 2nd October 1961 by the amalgamation of Eastern Shipping Corporation and Western Shipping Corporation. Starting out as a marginal Liner shipping company with just 19 vessels, the SCI today has metamorphosed into a giant conglomerate having 83 ships of 4.6 million DWT with substantial interests in 10 different segments of the shipping trade.
    web site url: http://www.shipindia.com
    Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)
    Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel making company in India. It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence industries and for sale in export markets.
    web site url: http://www.sail.co.in
    Steel Authority of India
    Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company in India. It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defence industries and for sale in export markets.
    web site url: http://www.sail.co.in/
    The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC)
    The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), established in the year 1971 is a major industrial unit of Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India. The complex is responsible for the supply of nuclear fuel bundles and reactor core components for all the nuclear power reactors operating in India. It is a unique facility where natural and enriched uranium fuel, zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core components are manufactured under one roof starting from the raw materials.
    web site url: http://www.nucfuel.gov.in/default.htm
    Uranium Corporation Ltd
    Incorporated on 4th October 1967, Uranium Corporation of India ltd, a public sector Enterprise under the Department of Atomic Energy, is at the forefront of the Nuclear Power Cycle. Fulfilling the requirement of Uranium for pressurised Heavy Water Reactors, UCIL plays a very siginificant role in India's Nuclear Power Generation Programme.
    web site url: http://www.ucilindia.com/
    Airports Authority of India (AAI)
    Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country.
    web site url: http://www.aai.aero/
    Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited
    The Nuclear Energy Programme in India has been visualized to grow in three phases. Phase – I consisting of natural uranium fuelled Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) which can sustain a capacity of 12 GWe for about 30 years with proven reserves of 50,000 t of natural uranium in the country.
    web site url: http://www.bhavini.nic.in
    Bird Group of Companies (BGC)
    The Bird Group of Companies (BGC), under administrative control of the Ministry of Steel, Government of India was part of erstwhile Bird & Company Ltd, which was nationalized by the Government of India by virtue of The Bird & Company Ltd ( Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings and other properties ) Act, 1980 ( Act No. 67 of 1980).
    web site url: http://birdgroup.gov.in
    Broadcasting Engineering Corporation of India Limited
    BECIL, a Govt of India enterprise is a profit making PSE under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, established on 24th March,1995.BECIL works as consultancy agency,as a system integrator and as a turnkey solution provider in the fields of Broadcast Engineering and Information Technology.
    web site url: http://www.becil.com/
    Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
    CMPDI (Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited), an ISO-9001 company, holds the pre-eminent position as the India's largest consultancy organisation and the market leader in an expanding earth resource sector.
    web site url: http://www.cmpdi.co.in
    The Cotton Corporation Of India Ltd
    CCI was established on 31st July 1970 as a Government Company registered under the Companies Act 1956. In the initial period of setting up, as an Agency in Public Sector, Corporation was charged with the responsibility of equitable distribution of cotton among the different constituents of the industry and to serve as a vehicle for the canalization of imports of cotton.
    web site url: http://cotcorp.gov.in
    Educational Consultants India Limited (EDCIL)
    EdCIL( India) Limited is a Government of India enterprise offering consultancy services in all areas of education and human resource development, in India and beyond national boundaries with special focus on developing countries of Asia and Africa.
    web site url: http://edcilindia.co.in
    Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited
    Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited, was established in the year 1957 by the Government of India to strengthen the export promotion drive by covering the risk of exporting on credit.Being essentially an export promotion organization, it functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Commerce, Government of India.
    web site url: http://www.ecgc.in/Portal/index.aspx
    Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
    Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited is a joint sector company, incorporated on 28-3-1979. Presently it is "Mini Ratna II PSU"(IMS Certified) a Government of India company under Ministery of Steel. It is a wholly owend subsidiary of MSTC Limited and the share capital is INR 200 Million. FSNL undertakes the job of recovery and processing of scrap from slag and refuse generated during iron and steel making at Steel Plants.
    web site url: http://fsnl.nic.in/
    The Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltd.
    Incorporated on January 1961, FCIL was re-organised with effect from 1.4.1978.FCIL is a Central Government Undertaking under the administrative control of Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers (Department of Fertilizers).Management of FCIL is by a Board of Directors and Principal Executives.
    web site url: http://fertcorpindia.nic.in
    Goa Shipyard Limited
    Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) established in 1957, is a leading ISO 9001-2008 certified shipyard on the West Coast of India, functioning under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India.GSL is strategically located on the banks of river Zuari in Goa, a major international tourist destination well connected by its international airport and major port enroute all important shipping lines.
    web site url: http://www.goashipyard.co.in
    Heavy Engineering Corp. Ltd
    HEC was established in the year 1958 as one of the largest Integrated Engineering Complex in India. It manufactures and supplies capital equipments & machineries and renders project execution required for core sector industries. It has complete manufacturing set up starting from casting & forging, fabrication, machining, assembly and testing - all at one location backed by a strong design - engineering and technology team.
    web site url: http://www.hecltd.com/
    Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL)
    Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL), a public sector undertaking under the administrative control of the Ministry of Mines, was incorporated on 9th November 1967. It has the distinction of being the nation’s only vertically integrated copper producing company as it manufactures copper right from the stage of mining to beneficiation, smelting, refining and casting of refined copper metal into downstream saleable products.
    web site url: http://www.hindustancopper.com
    HLL Lifecare Limited 
    HLL Lifecare Limited (HLL) commenced its journey to serve the Nation in the area of healthcare, on 1st March 1966, with its incorporation as a corporate entity under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. HLL was set up in the natural rubber rich state of Kerala, for the production of male contraceptive sheaths for the National Family Welfare Programme.
    web site url: http://www.lifecarehll.com
    Hindustan Prefab Limited (HPL)
    Hindustan Prefab Limited (HPL) was incorporated in 1953.HPL thus became a fully integrated company with modern prefabrication facilities and a railway siding of its own in the heart of Delhi to undertake faster and challenging jobs in the country.
    web site url: http://www.hindprefab.org


    List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs
    As per available information
    (as on May, 2012)

    Maharatna CPSEs

    1. Coal India Limited
    2. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
    3. NTPC Limited
    4. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
    5. Steel Authority of India Limited

    Navratna CPSEs

    1. Bharat Electronics Limited
    2. Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited
    3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
    4. GAIL (India) Limited
    5. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
    6. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
    7. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
    8. National Aluminium Company Limited
    9. NMDC Limited
    10. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited
    11. Oil India Limited
    12. Power Finance Corporation Limited
    13. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
    14. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
    15. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
    16. Shipping Corporation of India Limited

    Miniratna Category - I CPSEs

    1. Airports Authority of India
    2. Antrix Corporation Limited
    3. Balmer Lawrie & Co. Limited
    4. Bharat Dynamics Limited
    5. BEML Limited
    6. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
    7. Bridge & Roof Company (India) Limited
    8. Central Warehousing Corporation
    9. Central Coalfields Limited
    10. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited
    11. Cochin Shipyard Limited
    12. Container Corporation of India Limited
    13. Dredging Corporation of India Limited
    14. Engineers India Limited
    15. Ennore Port Limited
    16. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited
    17. Goa Shipyard Limited
    18. Hindustan Copper Limited
    19. HLL Lifecare Limited
    20. Hindustan Newsprint Limited
    21. Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited
    22. Housing & Urban Development Corporation Limited
    23. India Tourism Development Corporation Limited
    24. Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited
    25. IRCON International Limited
    26. KIOCL Limited
    27. Mazagaon Dock Limited
    28. Mahanadi Coalfields Limited
    29. Manganese Ore (India) Limited
    30. Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemical Limited
    31. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
    32. MMTC Limited
    33. MSTC Limited
    34. National Fertilizers Limited
    35. National Seeds Corporation Limited
    36. NHPC Limited
    37. Northern Coalfields Limited
    38. Numaligarh Refinery Limited
    39. ONGC Videsh Limited
    40. Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited
    41. Projects & Development India Limited
    42. Railtel Corporation of India Limited
    43. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
    44. RITES Limited
    45. SJVN Limited
    46. Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited
    47. South Eastern Coalfields Limited
    48. State Trading Corporation of India Limited
    49. Telecommunications Consultants India Limited
    50. THDC India Limited
    51. Western Coalfields Limited
    52. WAPCOS Limited

    Miniratna Category-II CPSEs

    1. Bharat Pumps & Compressors Limited
    2. Broadcast Engineering Consultants (I) Limited
    3. Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
    4. Ed.CIL (India) Limited
    5. Engineering Projects (India) Limited
    6. FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Limited
    7. Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
    8. HMT (International) Limited
    9. HSCC (India) Limited
    10. India Trade Promotion Organisation
    11. Indian Medicines & Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited
    12. M E C O N Limited
    13. National Film Development Corporation Limited
    14. National Small Industries Corporation Limited
    15. P E C Limited
    16. Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited